Tuesday, November 22, 2011

Learn Portuguese in a few hours: Verbs in the Past, Present, and Future

falar (to speak) beber (to drink) assistir (to watch)

simple present
fal-o                beb-o        assist-o
fal-a                beb-e        assist-e
fal-amos beb-emos assist-imos
fal-am beb-em        assist-em
Stress: falo/fala/falamos/falam

simple past
fal-ei                 beb-i                assist-i
fal-ou        beb-eu        assist-iu
fal-amos beb-emos assist-imos
fal-aram beb-eram asssist-iram
Stress: falei/falou/falamos/falaram

past imperfect
fal-ava        beb-ia        assist-ia
fal-ava        beb-ia        assist-ia
                                                             fal-ávamos beb-íamos assist-íamos
                                                             fal-avam beb-iam assist-iam
                                                             Stress: falava/falava/falávamos/falava

simple future
fal-arei beb-erei assist-irei
fal-ará        beb-erá        assist-irá
fal-aremos  beb-eremos assist-iremos
fal-arão beb-erão assist-irão
Stress: falarei/falará/falaremos/falarão

Example:

Eu fal-o       I speak
Eu fal-ei       I spoke/have spoken
Eu fal-ava       I spoke/used to speak

Learn Portuguese in a few hours: Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases

Prepositions are words which are used before a noun or pronoun to indicate their place, position, or time. Some verbs are also followed by prepositions.The preposition must always agree with the word that follows it. To use the right preposition it is important to know whether the word it relates to is a verb (with no gender) or whether it is a masculine, feminine, plural or singular noun.


Prepositions may not translate predictably between languages and lead to charming errors, but rarely misunderstandings.


Most frequently used prepositions (in their basic form)

de            of/from
em           in/on/at
a              to/for/at
para         to/for
por          for/by/through
com        with

Remark: Keep in mind that some verbs like gostar/precisar (to like/to need) require a preposition in Portuguese, but not in English.

Example:

Ela gosta de dançar.                         She likes dancing.
Eu vou para casa.                            I go home.
back to top

Prepositions and the definite article


de +          o(s) - a(s) do(s) da(s)               of/from + the
em +         o(s) - a(s) no(s) na(s)                in/on/at + the
a +            o(s) - a(s) ao(s) à(s)                  to/for/at + the
para +       o(s) - a(s) para o(s) para a(s)     to/for + the
por +        o(s) - a(s) pelo(s) pela(s)           for/by/through + the
com +       o(s) - a(s) com o(s) com a(s)    with + the

Example:

Eles moram no Brasil.        They live in Brazil.
Obrigado pela informação. Thanks for the information.

Prepositions and the indefinite article

de +             um/uma de um de uma                                    of/from + a
em +            um/uma em um = num em uma = numa            in/on/at + a
a +               um/uma a um a uma                                        to/for/at + a
para +          um/uma para um para uma                               to/for + a
por +           um/uma por um por uma                                 for/by/through + a
com +          um/uma com um com uma                              with + a


Remark: Contractions dum/duma (de um/de uma) are rarely used in Brazil nowadays.
The contractions of prepositions and the indefinite article have a plural form, but they are rarely used.

Example:

Ela trabalha num banco.                 She works in a bank.
Vamos a um barzinho depois.         We are going to a pub later.

Prepositional Phrases

If a preposition has more than one word it is called a prepositional phrase. You have to memorize prepositional phrases. Remember that some prepositions can vary in gender (do/da) or in number (dos/das) depending on the context.

antes de                         before
a partir de                      from...on
de acordo com              according to
em vez de                      instead of
por causa de                 because of/due to


Example:


A escola fica perto do banco.                    The school is close to the bank.
Quem é aquele senhor atrás de você?      Who is that gentleman behind you?

Learn Portuguese in a few hours: Comparisons

The comparative is used when two people or things are compared.

mais ... do que
more .... than

menos ... do que
less .... than

tão ... como/quanto
as .... as

tanto ... como/quanto
as much .... as

tanto(s)/tanta(s) ... como/quanto
as much/many .... as

Exception:

grande/pequeno                             maior(es)/menor(es)
big/small                                       bigger/smaller

bom/ruim                                      melhor(es)/pior(es)
good/bad                                      better/worse

bem/mal                                        melhor/pior
well/badly                                     better/worse

Example:

Esta cor é mais bonita do que aquela.
This color is nicer than that one.


Este livro é tão bom quanto aquele.
This book is as good as that one.


Ele ganha menos do que ela.
He earns less than she does.


Ele tem tanto trabalho quanto eu.
He has as much work as I have.


Ele fala inglês melhor do que eu.
He speaks English better than I do.


Seu apartamento é maior do que o meu.
Your apartment is bigger than mine.

The superlative is used when more than two people or things are compared.

o(s)/a(s) mais                           the most
o(s)/a(s) menos                        the least

Exception:

o(s)/a(s) melhor(es)/pior(es)      the best/worse
o(s)/a(s) maior(es)/menor(es)    the biggest/smallest

Example:

Este é o hotel mais famoso da cidade.           This is the most famous hotel in the city.
Este é o melhor hotel da cidade.                    This is the best hotel in the city.


In Portuguese, if you want to say that something is very or extremely expensive, beautiful, etc. you can express it in two different ways:

a) By adding the suffixes -íssimo, -érrimo or -imo to the adjective:

barato.. baratíssimo
cheap.. very cheap

pobre.. paupérrimo
poor..   very poor

difícil..  dificílimo
difficult,very difficult

Exception:

bom   ótimo/muito bom
good  very good

ruim   péssimo/muito ruim
bad    very bad

b) By placing muito (very/extremely) before the adjective:

barato..      muito barato
cheap..      very cheap


pobre ..      muito pobre
poor..         very poor

difícil..       muito difícil
difficult..    very difficult

Example:

Este exercício é facílimo.                This exercise is very easy.
Este exercício é muito fácil.            This exercise is very easy.

Learn Portuguese in a few hours: Personal Pronouns


eu                 I
você = tu         you
o senhor         you (mark of respect - male person)
a senhora         you (mark of respect - female person)
ele                 he/it
ela                she/it
nós = a gente we
vocês        you
eles                 they 
elas                 they

Remark:

Você and tu (you) have the same meaning in Brazil, but você is more frequently used than tu throughout Brazil. In most regions tu is rarely heard. Use você because it is easier. Tu introduces a new verb form.
Você (you) is informal and it is widely used in almost any situation while o senhor/a senhora (you) is more formal and it is used as a mark of respect, normally when addressing to older people (including parents), important people or people you do not know, but mainly in really formal situations.


A gente (we) is a colloquial form and it is usually used in the spoken language instead of nós (we). Even though it means we, it is a singular form and therefore followed by a singular verb. In Portuguese there is also the female plural form of elas (they), which is used only to replace feminine noun (women/animal/things).

Example:

Você fuma?                                         Do you smoke?
O senhor mora aqui?                         Do you live here? (mark of respect)

Learn Portuguese in a few hours: Demonstrative Pronouns


Demonstrative or adjectives pronouns are used to point out a thing or person specifically. In Portuguese, demonstrative pronouns can be either masculine, feminine or neither masculine or feminine.

este(s) esta(s) isto        this 
esse(s) essa(s) isso        this 
aquele(s) aquela(s) aquilo that


Remark:

Este(s)/esta(s)/isto (this) normally followed by aqui (here) are used to point out things or people close to the speaker. Esse(s)/essa(s)/isso (this) normally followed by (there with you) are used to point out things or people close to the person the speaker is talking to. Aquele(s)/aquela(s)/aquilo (that) normally followed by ali/lá (there/over there) are used to point out things or people far from the speaker and the person the speaker is talking to. 

Demonstrative pronouns can be contracted with the preposition em and de.

Example:

Este livro é seu? Is this book yours?
O que é isto?        What is this?


Demonstrative Pronouns and Preposition em 

em + este(s)/esse(s)/  aquele(s)..        neste(s) nesta(s) nisto         in/on/at this 
em + esta(s)/essa(s)/ aquela(s)..  nesse(s) nessa(s) nisso         in/on/at this 
em + isto/isso/aquilo in/on/at + this   naquele(s) naquela(s) naquilo in/on/at that

Example:

Você também mora neste prédio?                  Do you also live in this building?
Ele não trabalha mais naquela empresa. He no longer works in that company.

Demonstrative Pronouns and Preposition de

de + este(s)/esse(s)/ aquele(s) de + esta(s)/essa(s)/ aquela(s) de + isto/isso/aquilo this 


deste(s) desta(s) disto                                                                                         this 
desse(s) dessa(s) disso                                                                                 this 
daquele(s) daquela(s) daquilo                                                                                 that

Example:

Não gosto desta música.            I don't like this music.
O que você acha deste vinho? What do you think of this wine?

Learn Portuguese in a few hours: Possessive Pronouns


Possessive pronouns are used to show ownership. In Portuguese, possessive pronouns can be either masculine or feminine, singular or plural.

meu(s)/minha(s)                                my/mine
seu(s) = teu(s) sua(s) = tua(s)                your/yours
do senhor = seu(s) do senhor = seu(s) your/yours
da senhora = seu(s) da senhora = sua(s) your/yours
dele = seu(s) dele = sua(s)                his/his/its
dela = seu(s) dele = sua(s)                her/hers/its
da gente da gente                                 our/ours
nosso(s) nossa(s)                                 our/ours
seu(s) = de vocês sua(s) = de vocês your/yours
dele(s) = seu(s) dele = sua(s)                 their/theirs
dela(s) = seu(s) dele = sua(s)                 their/theirs

Remark: 

In Portuguese, parts of the body are usually used with the definite article, not with the possessive pronoun. Example: Ele quebrou o braço. (He broke his arm.).

Example:

Qual é o nome dele?                              What is his name?
(O) meu livro é novo. E o seu?               My book is new. And yours?

Learn Portuguese in a few hours: Adverbs


Adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. Adverbs are invariable and are usually placed before or after the word they modify. An adverb usually answers the questions how/when/where/why.

Ele fala bem português.                         He speaks Portuguese well.
Não vou à aula porque estou doente. I will not go to class because I am sick.
Ela chegou ontem.                                 She arrived yesterday.

Adverbs ending in -mente

Adverbs ending in -mente correspond to adverbs ending in -ly in English. These adverbs also come from adjectives as in English.


principal principalmente                 main > mainly
imediato/ imediata imediatamente immediate > immediately

Adjectives used as adverbs

There are also some adjectives in Portuguese which can be used as adverbs. 

Fale mais alto. Speak louder.
Anda rápido!         Walk fast!
Remark: Adjectives used as adverbs are invariable.

Adverbial Phrases

If an adverb has more than one word it is called adverbial phrase. A adverbial phrase normally begins with a preposition and it is like an expression you have to memorize.

à direita                  on the right
de manhã                  in the morning
em breve                  soon